St. Jude study offers new hope for children with kidney tumors deemed inoperable

Surgeons were able to save part of each kidney in patients with bilateral Wilms tumor, regardless of how the tumors appear on preoperative scans

Physicians at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have demonstrated that children with bilateral Wilms tumor, a cancer of the kidneys, can retain normal function in both kidneys by undergoing a procedure called bilateral nephron-sparing surgery, even when preoperative scans suggest that the tumors are inoperable.

Between 1999 and 2006, all St. Jude patients with bilateral Wilms tumor exhibiting favorable histology (cell characteristics) underwent bilateral nephron-sparing surgeries, or partial nephrectomies. Nephron-sparing surgery is designed to remove the malignant tumor, sparing as much healthy kidney tissue as possible. In all 10 instances where the procedure was used, the surgery was successful, often despite preoperative imaging studies suggesting that kidney preservation might not be possible.

“Many times, physicians will look at a child’s scans and assume that it is impossible to remove the tumor while preserving some uninvolved kidney, but our study indicates that surgeons should not rely solely on the imaging to make that decision,” said Andrew Davidoff, M.D., division chief of General Pediatric Surgery at St. Jude and the senior author of a retrospective study that appears in the advance online publication of the journal “Cancer.”

Traditionally, patients with bilateral Wilms tumor have one—and sometimes both—kidneys removed in an attempt to eradicate the cancer. If one kidney is removed and the cancer recurs in the other kidney, the possibility of losing renal function is high. If both kidneys are removed, the child must endure dialysis and a possible kidney transplant.

“In most cases, the surgeon will be able to save normal kidney on both sides,” Davidoff said. “The study indicates that, when combined with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, this surgical approach provides an opportunity to preserve renal function while maintaining a high probability of cure.”

Wilms tumor is the third most common solid tumor in children, with approximately 500 cases diagnosed each year in the United States. Only 5 to 7 percent of those patients will have tumors in both kidneys. Because children with bilateral disease are at risk for developing renal failure, physicians must balance a desire to maintain long-term renal function with the goal of eliminating the cancer.